690 lines
97 KiB
Plaintext
690 lines
97 KiB
Plaintext
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† Êð ™ © g ¡ Ÿ ÂÙ ! „§ Äõ × $Ô •¢˜¢ ™¢l š¢ˆ ›¢ œ¢[�¢ˆ e0<#˜Š(Î À ç Š( á ™ ˆ& wÛ" Õ0 Ê ÚŠ( òÛ" ² Ê ´ ˆ Áœ Ä! ’B ä! ƒQÅ Ž J ¹> ¶ Î v ½˜~ ùEw ä ¶ ã¿ ú �# B Û ·¥ ”à" ñ ã¿1 º ¶ èÀ Ð ±% C ± °¸ ”�% Ç èÀ äÕ Š õS ‹ ( ùT 3 ´U : A „Û
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¡ % Ê 0 Œw 7 > *0@ABCí _4¢ æ \º ÑÛ ìL€ ;ô4¸ ¬ <ô <î,Ø >‡Tß ž ?ü9ø$ ü9, ) [`Error::UNEXPECTED`]: Error::UNEXPECTEDÁ üf [`fill_uninit`]: fill_uninitÁ ø åž ü®& åž# getrandom: system's random number generator
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[![Build Status]][GitHub Actions]
|
|||
|
|
[![Crate]][crates.io]
|
|||
|
|
[![Documentation]][docs.rs]
|
|||
|
|
[![Dependency Status]][deps.rs]
|
|||
|
|
[![Downloads]][crates.io]
|
|||
|
|
[![License]][LICENSE-MIT]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
`getrandom` is a Rust library for retrieving random data from (operating) system sources.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
It is assumed that the system always provides high-quality, cryptographically secure random
|
|||
|
|
data, ideally backed by hardware entropy sources. This crate derives its name from
|
|||
|
|
the Linux `getrandom` syscall but is cross-platform, roughly supporting the same set
|
|||
|
|
of platforms as Rust's `std` library.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
This is a low-level API. Most users should prefer using a higher-level random-number
|
|||
|
|
library like [`rand`].
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[`rand`]: https://crates.io/crates/rand
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
## Examples
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
```rust
|
|||
|
|
fn get_random_u128() -> Result<u128, getrandom::Error> {
|
|||
|
|
let mut buf = [0u8; 16];
|
|||
|
|
getrandom::fill(&mut buf)?;
|
|||
|
|
Ok(u128::from_ne_bytes(buf))
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
## Supported targets
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
| Target | Target Triple | Implementation
|
|||
|
|
| ------------------ | ------------------ | --------------
|
|||
|
|
| Linux, Android | `*‑linux‑*` | [`getrandom`][1] system call if available, otherwise [`/dev/urandom`][2] after successfully polling `/dev/random`
|
|||
|
|
| Windows 10+ | `*‑windows‑*` | [`ProcessPrng`]
|
|||
|
|
| Windows 7, 8 | `*-win7‑windows‑*` | [`RtlGenRandom`]
|
|||
|
|
| macOS | `*‑apple‑darwin` | [`getentropy`][3]
|
|||
|
|
| iOS, tvOS, watchOS | `*‑apple‑{ios,tvos,watchos}` | [`CCRandomGenerateBytes`]
|
|||
|
|
| FreeBSD | `*‑freebsd` | [`getrandom`][5]
|
|||
|
|
| OpenBSD | `*‑openbsd` | [`getentropy`][7]
|
|||
|
|
| NetBSD | `*‑netbsd` | [`getrandom`][16] if available, otherwise [`kern.arandom`][8]
|
|||
|
|
| Dragonfly BSD | `*‑dragonfly` | [`getrandom`][9]
|
|||
|
|
| Solaris | `*‑solaris` | [`getrandom`][11] with `GRND_RANDOM`
|
|||
|
|
| illumos | `*‑illumos` | [`getrandom`][12]
|
|||
|
|
| Fuchsia OS | `*‑fuchsia` | [`cprng_draw`]
|
|||
|
|
| Redox | `*‑redox` | `/dev/urandom`
|
|||
|
|
| Haiku | `*‑haiku` | `/dev/urandom` (identical to `/dev/random`)
|
|||
|
|
| Hermit | `*-hermit` | [`sys_read_entropy`]
|
|||
|
|
| Hurd | `*-hurd-*` | [`getrandom`][17]
|
|||
|
|
| SGX | `x86_64‑*‑sgx` | [`RDRAND`]
|
|||
|
|
| VxWorks | `*‑wrs‑vxworks‑*` | `randABytes` after checking entropy pool initialization with `randSecure`
|
|||
|
|
| Emscripten | `*‑emscripten` | [`getentropy`][13]
|
|||
|
|
| WASI 0.1 | `wasm32‑wasip1` | [`random_get`]
|
|||
|
|
| WASI 0.2 | `wasm32‑wasip2` | [`get-random-u64`]
|
|||
|
|
| SOLID | `*-kmc-solid_*` | `SOLID_RNG_SampleRandomBytes`
|
|||
|
|
| Nintendo 3DS | `*-nintendo-3ds` | [`getrandom`][18]
|
|||
|
|
| ESP-IDF | `*‑espidf` | [`esp_fill_random`] WARNING: see "Early Boot" section below
|
|||
|
|
| PS Vita | `*-vita-*` | [`getentropy`][19]
|
|||
|
|
| QNX Neutrino | `*‑nto-qnx*` | [`/dev/urandom`][14] (identical to `/dev/random`)
|
|||
|
|
| AIX | `*-ibm-aix` | [`/dev/urandom`][15]
|
|||
|
|
| Cygwin | `*-cygwin` | [`getrandom`][20] (based on [`RtlGenRandom`])
|
|||
|
|
| Motor OS | `x86_64-unknown-motor` | [`RDRAND`]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Pull Requests that add support for new targets to `getrandom` are always welcome.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
### WebAssembly support
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
This crate fully supports the [WASI] and [Emscripten] targets. However, the `wasm32-unknown-unknown`
|
|||
|
|
and `wasm64-unknown-unknown` targets (i.e. the target used by `wasm-pack`)
|
|||
|
|
are not automatically supported since, from the target name alone, we cannot deduce
|
|||
|
|
which JavaScript interface should be used (or if JavaScript is available at all).
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
We do not include support for these targets in the default configuration because our JS backend
|
|||
|
|
(supporting web browsers, web workers and Node.js v19 or later) requires [`wasm-bindgen`],
|
|||
|
|
**bloating `Cargo.lock`** and **potentially breaking builds** on non-web WASM platforms.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
To enable `getrandom`'s functionality on `wasm32/64-unknown-unknown` using
|
|||
|
|
[`Crypto.getRandomValues`] via [`wasm-bindgen`], enable the `wasm_js` crate feature.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
WARNING: We strongly recommend against enabling this feature in libraries (except for tests)
|
|||
|
|
since it is known to break non-Web WASM builds and further since the usage of `wasm-bindgen`
|
|||
|
|
causes significant bloat to `Cargo.lock` (on all targets).
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
The only exception to this rule: if your crate already unconditionally depends on `wasm-bindgen`
|
|||
|
|
or `js-sys` on "unknown" WASM targets then it's acceptable to enable this feature unconditionally.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
### Opt-in backends
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
`getrandom` also provides optional (opt-in) backends, which allow users to customize the source
|
|||
|
|
of randomness based on their specific needs:
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
| Backend name | Target | Target Triple | Implementation
|
|||
|
|
| ------------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------ | --------------
|
|||
|
|
| `linux_getrandom` | Linux, Android | `*‑linux‑*` | [`getrandom`][1] system call (without `/dev/urandom` fallback). Bumps minimum supported Linux kernel version to 3.17 and Android API level to 23 (Marshmallow).
|
|||
|
|
| `linux_raw` | Linux, Android | `*‑linux‑*` | Same as `linux_getrandom`, but uses raw `asm!`-based syscalls instead of `libc`.
|
|||
|
|
| `rdrand` | x86, x86-64 | `x86_64-*`, `i686-*` | [`RDRAND`] instruction
|
|||
|
|
| `rndr` | AArch64 | `aarch64-*` | [`RNDR`] register
|
|||
|
|
| `efi_rng` | UEFI | `*-unknown‑uefi` | [`EFI_RNG_PROTOCOL`] with `EFI_RNG_ALGORITHM_RAW` (requires `std` and Nightly compiler)
|
|||
|
|
| `windows_legacy` | Windows | `*-windows-*` | [`RtlGenRandom`]
|
|||
|
|
| `custom` | All targets | `*` | User-provided custom implementation (see [custom backend])
|
|||
|
|
| `unsupported` | All targets | `*` | Always returns `Err(Error::UNSUPPORTED)` (see [unsupported backend])
|
|||
|
|
| `extern_impl` | All targets | `*` | Externally-provided custom implementation (see [externally implemented interface])
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Opt-in backends can be enabled using the `getrandom_backend` configuration flag.
|
|||
|
|
The flag can be set either by specifying the `rustflags` field in [`.cargo/config.toml`]:
|
|||
|
|
```toml
|
|||
|
|
# It's recommended to set the flag on a per-target basis:
|
|||
|
|
[target.'cfg(target_os = "linux")']
|
|||
|
|
rustflags = ['--cfg', 'getrandom_backend="linux_getrandom"']
|
|||
|
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Or by using the `RUSTFLAGS` environment variable:
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
```sh
|
|||
|
|
RUSTFLAGS='--cfg getrandom_backend="linux_getrandom"' cargo build
|
|||
|
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Enabling an opt-in backend will replace the backend used by default. Doing this for
|
|||
|
|
an incorrect target (e.g. using `linux_getrandom` while compiling for a Windows target)
|
|||
|
|
will result in a compilation error. Be extremely careful while using opt-in backends,
|
|||
|
|
as incorrect configuration may result in vulnerable applications or applications
|
|||
|
|
that always panic.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Note that using an opt-in backend in a library (e.g. for tests or benchmarks)
|
|||
|
|
WILL NOT have any effect on its downstream users.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[`.cargo/config.toml`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/config.html
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
### Raw Linux syscall support
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Currently the `linux_raw` backend supports only targets with stabilized `asm!` macro,
|
|||
|
|
i.e. `arm`, `aarch64`, `loongarch64`, `riscv32`, `riscv64`, `s390x`, `x86`, and `x86_64`.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Note that the raw syscall backend may be slower than backends based on `libc::getrandom`,
|
|||
|
|
e.g. it does not implement vDSO optimizations and on `x86` it uses the infamously slow
|
|||
|
|
`int 0x80` instruction to perform syscall.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
### Custom backend
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
If this crate does not support your target out of the box or you have to use
|
|||
|
|
a non-default entropy source, then you can provide a custom implementation.
|
|||
|
|
You need to enable the custom backend as described in the
|
|||
|
|
[opt-in backends][opt-in] section.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Next, you need to define an `extern` function with the following signature:
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
```rust
|
|||
|
|
use getrandom::Error;
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
|
|||
|
|
unsafe extern "Rust" fn __getrandom_v03_custom(
|
|||
|
|
dest: *mut u8,
|
|||
|
|
len: usize,
|
|||
|
|
) -> Result<(), Error> {
|
|||
|
|
todo!()
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
This function should, ideally, be defined in the root crate of your project,
|
|||
|
|
e.g. in your `main.rs`. This function MUST be defined only once for your
|
|||
|
|
project, i.e. upstream library crates SHOULD NOT define it outside of
|
|||
|
|
tests and benchmarks. Improper configuration of this backend may result
|
|||
|
|
in linking errors.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
The function accepts a pointer to a buffer that should be filled with random
|
|||
|
|
data and its length in bytes. Note that the buffer MAY be uninitialized.
|
|||
|
|
On success, the function should return `Ok(())` and fully fill the input buffer;
|
|||
|
|
otherwise, it should return an error value.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
While wrapping functions which work with byte slices you should fully initialize
|
|||
|
|
the buffer before passing it to the function:
|
|||
|
|
```rust
|
|||
|
|
use getrandom::Error;
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
fn my_entropy_source(buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), getrandom::Error> {
|
|||
|
|
// ...
|
|||
|
|
Ok(())
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
|
|||
|
|
unsafe extern "Rust" fn __getrandom_v03_custom(
|
|||
|
|
dest: *mut u8,
|
|||
|
|
len: usize,
|
|||
|
|
) -> Result<(), Error> {
|
|||
|
|
let buf = unsafe {
|
|||
|
|
// fill the buffer with zeros
|
|||
|
|
core::ptr::write_bytes(dest, 0, len);
|
|||
|
|
// create mutable byte slice
|
|||
|
|
core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(dest, len)
|
|||
|
|
};
|
|||
|
|
my_entropy_source(buf)
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
### Externally Implemented Interface
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Using the nightly-only feature [`extern_item_impls`] it is possible to provide
|
|||
|
|
a custom backend for `getrandom`, even to override an existing first-party implementation.
|
|||
|
|
First, enable the `extern_impl` opt-in backend to allow usage of this nightly feature.
|
|||
|
|
Then, you may provide implementations for `fill_uninit`, `u32`, and/or `u64`
|
|||
|
|
with an attribute macro from the `implementation` module.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[`extern_item_impls`]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/125418
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
```rust
|
|||
|
|
use core::mem::MaybeUninit;
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
#[cfg(getrandom_backend = "extern_impl")]
|
|||
|
|
#[getrandom::implementation::fill_uninit]
|
|||
|
|
fn my_fill_uninit_implementation(
|
|||
|
|
dest: &mut [MaybeUninit<u8>]
|
|||
|
|
) -> Result<(), getrandom::Error> {
|
|||
|
|
// ...
|
|||
|
|
Ok(())
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
For further details on what a suitable implementation for `fill_uninit` may look
|
|||
|
|
like, see [custom backend].
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
`getrandom` will provide a default implementation for `u32` and `u64`, but does
|
|||
|
|
not currently provide a default for `fill_uninit`, even if one is normally
|
|||
|
|
available for the current target. If no implementation is available,
|
|||
|
|
a compilation error will be raised with instructions for how to provide
|
|||
|
|
an implementation.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
### Unsupported backend
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
In some rare scenarios, you might be compiling this crate for an unsupported
|
|||
|
|
target (e.g. `wasm32-unknown-unknown`), but this crate's functionality
|
|||
|
|
is not actually used by your code. If you are confident that `getrandom` is
|
|||
|
|
not used in your project, but it gets pulled nevertheless by one of your
|
|||
|
|
dependencies, then you can enable the `unsupported` backend, which always
|
|||
|
|
returns `Err(Error::UNSUPPORTED)`.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
### Platform Support
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
This crate generally supports the same operating system and platform versions
|
|||
|
|
that the Rust standard library does. Additional targets may be supported using
|
|||
|
|
the opt-in custom backend.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
This means that as Rust drops support for old versions of operating systems
|
|||
|
|
(such as old Linux kernel versions, Android API levels, etc.) in stable releases,
|
|||
|
|
`getrandom` may create new patch releases that remove support for
|
|||
|
|
outdated platform versions.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
### `/dev/urandom` fallback on Linux and Android
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
On Linux targets, the `/dev/urandom` fallback is present only if either `target_env`
|
|||
|
|
is `musl`, or `target_arch` is one of the following: `aarch64`, `arm`, `powerpc`,
|
|||
|
|
`powerpc64`, `s390x`, `x86`, `x86_64`. Other supported targets [require][platform-support]
|
|||
|
|
kernel versions that support the `getrandom` system call, so the fallback is not needed.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
On Android targets the fallback is present only for the following `target_arch`es:
|
|||
|
|
`aarch64`, `arm`, `x86`, `x86_64`. Other `target_arch`es (e.g. RISC-V) require
|
|||
|
|
sufficiently high API levels.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
The fallback can be disabled by enabling the `linux_getrandom` opt-in backend.
|
|||
|
|
Note that doing so will bump minimum supported Linux kernel version to 3.17
|
|||
|
|
and Android API level to 23 (Marshmallow).
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
### Early boot
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Sometimes, early in the boot process, the OS has not collected enough
|
|||
|
|
entropy to securely seed its RNG. This is especially common on virtual
|
|||
|
|
machines, where standard "random" events are hard to come by.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Some operating system interfaces always block until the RNG is securely
|
|||
|
|
seeded. This can take anywhere from a few seconds to more than a minute.
|
|||
|
|
A few (Linux, NetBSD and Solaris) offer a choice between blocking and
|
|||
|
|
getting an error; in these cases, we always choose to block.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
On Linux (when the `getrandom` system call is not available), reading from
|
|||
|
|
`/dev/urandom` never blocks, even when the OS hasn't collected enough
|
|||
|
|
entropy yet. To avoid returning low-entropy bytes, we first poll
|
|||
|
|
`/dev/random` and only switch to `/dev/urandom` once this has succeeded.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
On OpenBSD, this kind of entropy accounting isn't available, and on
|
|||
|
|
NetBSD, blocking on it is discouraged. On these platforms, nonblocking
|
|||
|
|
interfaces are used, even when reliable entropy may not be available.
|
|||
|
|
On the platforms where it is used, the reliability of entropy accounting
|
|||
|
|
itself isn't free from controversy. This library provides randomness
|
|||
|
|
sourced according to the platform's best practices, but each platform has
|
|||
|
|
its own limits on the grade of randomness it can promise in environments
|
|||
|
|
with few sources of entropy.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
On ESP-IDF, if `esp_fill_random` is used before enabling WiFi, BT, or the
|
|||
|
|
voltage noise entropy source (SAR ADC), the Hardware RNG will only be seeded
|
|||
|
|
via RC_FAST_CLK. This can occur during early boot unless
|
|||
|
|
`bootloader_random_enable()` is called. For more information see the
|
|||
|
|
[ESP-IDF RNG Docs][esp-idf-rng] or the
|
|||
|
|
[RNG section of the ESP32 Technical Reference Manual][esp-trng-docs].
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
## Error handling
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
We always prioritize failure over returning known insecure "random" bytes.
|
|||
|
|
Generally, on supported platforms, failure is highly unlikely, though not
|
|||
|
|
impossible. If an error does occur, it is likely that it will occur
|
|||
|
|
on every call to `getrandom`. Therefore, after the first successful call,
|
|||
|
|
one can be reasonably confident that no errors will occur.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
## Panic handling
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
We strive to eliminate all potential panics from our backend implementations.
|
|||
|
|
In other words, when compiled with optimizations enabled, the generated
|
|||
|
|
binary code for `getrandom` functions should not contain any panic branches.
|
|||
|
|
Even if the platform misbehaves and returns an unexpected result,
|
|||
|
|
our code should correctly handle it and return an error, e.g.
|
|||
|
|
[`Error::UNEXPECTED`].
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
## Sanitizer support
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
If your code uses [`fill_uninit`] and you enable
|
|||
|
|
[MemorySanitizer](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/unstable-book/compiler-flags/sanitizer.html#memorysanitizer)
|
|||
|
|
(i.e. `-Zsanitizer=memory`), we will automatically handle unpoisoning
|
|||
|
|
of the destination buffer filled by `fill_uninit`.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
You can run sanitizer tests for your crate dependent on `getrandom` like this:
|
|||
|
|
```sh
|
|||
|
|
RUSTFLAGS="-Zsanitizer=memory" cargo test -Zbuild-std --target=x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
|
|||
|
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
## Minimum Supported Rust Version
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
This crate requires Rust 1.85 or later.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
The most reliable way to get an MSRV-respecting behavior is to set
|
|||
|
|
`CARGO_RESOLVER_INCOMPATIBLE_RUST_VERSIONS=fallback` when doing
|
|||
|
|
`cargo update -p getrandom`, like so:
|
|||
|
|
```sh
|
|||
|
|
CARGO_RESOLVER_INCOMPATIBLE_RUST_VERSIONS=fallback cargo update -p getrandom
|
|||
|
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
## License
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
The `getrandom` library is distributed under either of
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
* [Apache License, Version 2.0][LICENSE-APACHE]
|
|||
|
|
* [MIT license][LICENSE-MIT]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
at your option.
|